Coreless yarn and process for making the same



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May 18 192a J. A. W-HEANY QORELESS YARN AND PROCESS FOR MAKING THE SAMEOriginal Filed Jan. 4. 1924 John Ame/7 Hear/7y ATTORNEY Patented May 18, 1926.

UNITED STATES 1, 8 ,617 PATENT OFFICE.

JOHN ALLEN HEANY, OF NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR TO WORLD BESTOSCORPORATION, OF PATERSON, NEW JERSEY, A

CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

CORELESS YARN AND PROCESS FOR MAKING THE SAME.

Application filed January 4, 1924, Serial No. 684,324. Renewed January28, 1926.

This invention relates to yarn and the process of making the same fromasbestos paper-like material or asbestos paper-like strips or handswithout the utilization of centering or reinforcing filaments or cores.The invention has specific utility in connection with a yarn includingasbestos material, bound and formed into a thin paper-like strip or bandof sulfielent cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand andyarn forming operations or adapted for yarn manufacture. In a specificform the invention consists in running one or more paper-like strips orbands of asbestos material over a moistening device, subsequentlyshaping and rounding the moistened strips by means of a rubbingmechanism to form separate strands, and then twisting each strand orintertwisting strands to form a final yarn.

Among the objects of the invention is the provision of a process ofmanufacture by means of which a substantial yarn may be obtained fromasbestos material which normally has relatively small coherence andtensile strength. Another important object of the invention is theutilization of a process which will make available for yarn manufactureasbestos fibre in all lengths as produced, the mode of manufacture beinginde pendent of the length of. the fibre or the natural coherence of thefibres between themselves. Important uses of the yarn of this inventionare in connection with the manufacture of friction fabrics such as brakeand transmission linings and in the manufacture of other fabricsrequiring heat and wear resisting qualities. A further ob ject is theprovision of an all paper asbestos yarn. A1; important object of theinvention is to provide a coreless or unreinforced asbestos materialpresent in the yarn in aperlike formation and bound together witsufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to retain such paper-likeformation.Another object of the invention is to provide a coreless asbestos yarnconsisting of asbestos material present in paper-like strip formationand bound together, as by binding material, with suflicient cohesivenessand tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations or adaptedfor strand and yarn forming operations. A further object is to provide acoreless asbestos yarn including a plurality of strands of asbestospaper-like material bound together with sufficient cohesiveness andtenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations. Further objectsare comprehended in the employment of a step of loosening the binder ofthe paper in 0011- junction with a rolling or rubbing process and atwisting operation, whereby a tenacious, coherent yarn is formed; in theprovision of a process which includes only three major steps intransforming an asbestos paper strip to a yarn; in the provision of aprocess for making yarn from paper strip which consists in loosening thebinder of two or more paper-strips, simultaneously passing said stripstogether in contacting relationship with adjacent forwardly moving andtransversely reciprocating surfaces to form a strand and finallytwisting said strand to form a yarn; in the provision'of a method ofmaking coreless asbestos yarn from strips or hands of asbestos materialbound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarnmanufacture, which includes the step of forming a plurality of saidstrips or hands without tension reinforcement into a yarn; in theprovision of a method which includes mechanically forming, as bysuitable mechanical means, said paper-like material without tensionreinforcement into strands, and thereafter mechanically forming aplurality of such strands into a yarn and in other features associatedwith the specific type of mechanism utilized and in the detailed stepsof the process as will appear from a consideration of the apparatus andits operation in connection with the general process of manu-' facture,as hereinafter indicated anddescribed in the accompanying drawings.

For the purposes of this disclosure, as illustrative of one of the formsof the invention which may be preferred,

Fig. 1 shows diagrammatically the major elements of an illustrative formof the mechanism involved in the process, some of these elements beingin perspective and others in cross section;

Fig. 2 is a view of the paper strip used in the process of manufacture;

Fig. 3 is a view of a strand formed from the paper strip prior to itsintroduction into the twisting mechanism; and

Fig. 4 is a view of the completed yarn, showing an unravelled end of thesame.

It should be understood that the process hereinafter described isparticularly adapttively short in length and brittle. There a slittingis, morever, relativel slight coherence between the different bres ofthe asbestos as compared with vegetable fibre, for example, thus tendingto make the formation ofa yarn or fabric difficult. The present practicein the manufacture of yarn has been to reinforce the pure asbestos fibrewith additional fibres of vegetable material such as cotton or jutewhich serve as rein-' forcement and means for retaining the asbestosfibre in position. The long fibre may be added either during theformation of an asbestos strand or yarn by twisting or by compacting ormoulding the asbestos about a continuous strand of cotton or metal, thusproducing a compound yarn, formed of asbestos material and filamentarystrand of either vegetable fibre or metal.

For certain uses, yarns, made as indicated above with the addition ofreinforcing fibres, are undesirable. For example, where a yarn isdesired which is to be used in heat resisting relationships, theemployment of cotton fibre as a reinforcement is highly undesirable, thehigh temperatures carbonizing the fibre and thus permittingdisorganization of the entire yarn structure. Such disadvantages may beavoided by the use of yarns of asbestos paper-like material such asdisclosed herein. In certain instances also the yarn fabric should notonly beheat resisting, but also so pliable that it can be woven into arelatively fine texture,

' and, inasmuch, as the use of' metal cores or filaments for asbestosyarn tends to stiffen the strand, in these connections, the use ofordinary metal reinforcements is undesirablev in yarns for some uses. a

The invention, as hereinde'scribed, contemplates the production of ayarn in which the undesirable features above enumerated are eliminated.The process involved is as follows.

- The asbestos employed in the process, whether of short or long fibresor whether a mixture of the two, is for ed into paper rolls preferablyin the maiiiier described in the apparatus of the present inventor,copendmg'herewith, Serial No. 516,129, filed Nov. 18, 1921. Inaccordance with this process, the binding material, which may includebinding material such as starch is used to hold the fibre and asbestostogether in proper form, this binder bein'g in certain cases partiallyremoved in the manufacture of the yarn, as will be hereinafter detailedAs described in said co-pending application, the asbestosmaterial isformed into a pulp and passed through an ordinary paper-making machineto form a web which is rolled up in the usual manner. This web, which inthe paper making operation has. been rendered sufficiently dry andcompact to have the necessary strength, is separated by machine intonarrow strips to be utilized in yarn manufacture. Satisfactory resultsare obtained by combining with the asbestos material in the pulpsuitable binding material which serves to increase the strength of thefinished web or paper, thus render-in it suitable for manipulation inthe yarn ma 'ng operation. The asbestos paper is applied to themechanism of the invention in the form of a strip or tape 10, asindicated in Fig. 2, and is wound in rolls 11 and mounted on spools 12.The major elements of the mechanism include the moistener 13,a'condenser 14 and a twister 15, these elements being placed adjacenteach other in position to permit of a continuous feed of the materialbeing worked upon from one member to the other. .As illustrated, the tae is unreeled from the spools 12 over gui e rollers 16 and 17, one ofwhich is mounted below the other so as to facilitate feeding to themoistener 13. .The tape is fed flat over the moistener roll 18 which inturn is rotatably mounted. in the walls of the tank 19. The tank isadapted to contain water or any other moistening liquid and the roller18, as clearly indicated by Fig. 1, has a portion of its body extendingabove the level of the liquid so that as 1t rotates, liquid carried upon its surface, enters the paper strip and moistens the same.- 1

After leaving the moistener roll 18, the paper strip is fed in to thecondenser 14 which comprises two facing belt structures 20 and 21,mounted on parallel rollers 22 and '23. The adjacent'faces 24: and 25 ofthese belts are adapted to move in a forward direction and at the sametime reciprocate laterally and simultaneously in opposite directions,thus seizing upon the paper strip as it progresses through the condenserand manipulating it in such fashion by rubbing and rolling that itemerges at the forward end of the condenser as a smoothly rounded strand26, as illustrated in detail in Figure 3. It should be understood that,although the strip is formed into a rounded strand, that the paperretains its original paper structure, being closelyfolded or crinkled inthe shaping operation. I

The strand 26, while still moist, is led over the guide roll 27 throughthe guide loop 28 and either alone or simultaneously with one or moreother similar strands into the twister 15 where the strands aresubjected to the final step of the process.

A usual form of twisting mechanism is indicated. On the base 30 ismounted a rod 31, carrying a horizontal cross plate 32 from the ends ofwhich are suspended the guides 33. Supported above the cross bar 32 bymeans of a bracket 34 are the twist and feed drives of the twister. Thetwist drive includes a hollow sleeve 35, on the top of which is mounteda drive pulley 36 grooved at its periphery to receive the pulley belt37. The lower end of the sleeve 35 connects by means of a cross bar 38and shafts 39 the lower cross bar 32, so that rotation of the drivepulley 36 imparts rotation to the cross bar 32 with its depending driveguide loops 33. The feed drive includes the sleeve 40 mounted on thedrive sleeve 35 and carrying in its upper end drive pulley 41 and at itslower end the gear 42. The shafts 39 pass upwardly through the cross bar38 and terminate in pinions 43, the same engaging with the gear 42 andbeing adapted to be driven thereby. The shafts 39 carry guide rollers44, there being two on each shaft; another guide roll 45 is looselymounted beneath the cross bar 38. It is thus seen that when power isapplied to the twist drive through the pulley belt 46, rotation isimparted to the stub shafts 39 and their attached rollers 44, feedingthe yarn at a rate determinable by the speed of operation of the pulleyand variable at will.

The yarn is wound upon a spool which is loosely mounted upon the rod 31and adapted to have a reciprocating movement thereupon. Reciprocation isimparted to the spool 50 by means of cam operated mechanism,diagrammatically indicated by lever 51, the same being pivotally mountedat 52 and carrying at either end contact rollers 53 and 54. The contactroller 53 has engagement at the base of the spool 50, while the roller54 has engagement with the heartshaped cam 55 rotatably mounted at 56and 1 serving to swing the lever 51 against the action of a spring 51.Inasmuch as that portion of the rod 51 intermediate the pivot 52 androller 53 is much longer than the remaining portion of the rod, rotationof the cam 55 causes an appreciable movement of the spool 50, thismovement being timed so as to take care of the yarn fed from thetwisting mechanism, the yarn being wound in layers on the spool.

The strand 26 on entering the twister 15 is, as follows from adescription of the twister, subjected to a certain number of twists perunit length of strand, depending upon the adjustment of the mechanismand emerges as a tenacious yarn 60, the various fibres being moulded andtwisted into close coherent relationship, one with the other.

From the foregoing, the operation of the mechanism and the various stepsof the process should be apparent, the paper strips 10 passing from therolls 12 are softened by the moistening device 13 and then are fed intothe rubbing mechanism, where the tapes are condensed and rubbed intostrands all having approximately circular cross sections. The strandsare then subjected to the twisting action of the twister,eitherseparately or in conjunction with other strands, the final productemerging as a closely wound yarn such as, for example, where two strandsare used as illustrated in Fig. 4.

Where a single strand is passed through the twister, the tensilestrength will, of course, be less than that where a plurality of strandsare employed. In order to multiply the strength of the single strands,additional strands are passed through the twisters simultaneously, Fig.4 indicating a yarn formed of two strands twisted together and Fig. 1showing an additional strand 9 lying in the.mechanism and adapted to beintertwist-ed with the strand 10 in the twister 15. Attention isdirected to the fact that not only is the whole yarn twisted, but eachstrand of the yarn is subjected to the separate twist which tends tobind the individual fibres of asbestos into a compact unit.Consequently, when the two strands are twisted together, each tends tohold the other in position and thus form a final structure of hightenacity and coherence.

Where multiple strips are used to form a strand, as shown in Fig. 1 andFig. 4, the strips are preferably fed one above the other so that inthe'rubbing operation the plural strips are rolled and compactedtogether. This operation, moreover, by increasing the tensile strengthof the strand per unit area, facilitates twisting action withoutbreakage. When the yarn is completed and dried, the individual stripsstill maintaintheir unitary characteristics and through the multiplefolding and twisting thereof with contiguous strips and adjacentstrands, the tensile strength and resistance toremoval of fibrous stockin the completed yarn is materially increased.

As illustrated in Fig. land described in connection therewiththeasbestos paper-like material in strip or band form is moistened beforeits formationinto strands "or yarns. Such moistening acts to soften orloosen the binder of the paper-like material, and render the latter moreflexible and; pliable and therefore more easily manipulated in thestrand-and yarn forming operations.

Note should bemade that means'other than that indicated may beemployedffor loosening the binder of the paper, the moistening devicebeing merely illustrative of one method by which thi send may bevaccomplished. For example, the binder of paper may be loosened orpartiallyeliminated by" a mechanical process such as heating or bendingthe fabric until the binder substance has been partially loosened. It isnoted also that the binder may be removed from one only of two or morepaper strips, the whole being united as a single yam It should beunderstood that such loosening may take place to a sufficient extentduring the yarn making operation, as, for example, during condensing andtwisting steps as brought out more specifically in my co-pendingapplication, Serial No. 684,325 filed of even date with thisapplication. Said application specifically discloses a moistening stepfollowed in order by a step of twisting an asbestos paper-like strip orband with a filament, a condensing step and afinal twisting step. Whileit is not essential herein that the enclosing strip or band be moist inthe rubbing operation and in the final twist operation, it is desirableas described in my co-pending application that a certain amount ofmoisture be present in order to facilitate the smoothing and con densingprocess and more readily permit an intimate interengagement of thevarious strands. As stated also in my co-pending application, it hasalso been found possible to omit moisture entirely, notwithstanding thatdry material is not in general so readily worked as wet, and, moreover,is more subject to breakage under some conditions; and where certaintypes of raw material are employed, as in long-fibred stock, a dryworking may be desirable. Such omission of the moistening or looseningof the binding material in the asbestos paper-like material beforesubjecting the asbestos paper- ]ike material to a condensing or rubbingoperation is also disclosed in connection with one form of the processcovered by my copending application, Serial No. 654,118, filed July 27,1923.

It will be evident that the moistening operation as eflected in theapparatus disclosed herein, while having the effect of softening thebinding material and the strip, will ordinarily have very slight effectin dissipating or removing the binding material; and that loosening ofthe binding material by moistening or, more particularly, by rubbing andbending the paper-like strips or hands may be dispensed with in case thebinding material, in the strip or band as manufactured, is sufficientlyloose or flexible. Obviously, such strips or bands may be condensed ortwisted without preliminary moistening or other loosening of the bindingmaterial by merely loosening the paper structure in the strand or yarnmaking apparatus.

It has been found that yarn made in accordance with the invention ashereinabove described, possesses suflicient flexibility for practicallyall types of weaving in which the various vegetable fibre yarns areusable,

facture of such a fabric formed substantial- 1y exclusively of asbestosfibre, use may be made of asbestos yarn from which all combustiblematerial has been removed. In forming such a yarn, the asbestospaper-like material is subjected, prior to its entry into the rubbingmechanism, to sufficient heat to carbonize the starch and entirely freethe yarn of all vegetable material. This method has been found to bevery efiicacious in the complete elimination of the binding materialfrom the asbestos yarn and from fabrics made therefrom.

It is further indicated that, while it may be desirable for some yarnsto remove substantially all of the binder incorporated originally inthe'asbestos paper, it is not essential in all instances, as it has beenfound, particularly when the fibres are very noncoherent, that a certainpercentage of binder remaining in the paper will tend to increase thecoherence of the fabric during the rubbing and twisting operation andafter the final product has been obtained, the binder remaining in thematerial, tends to give the same a somewhat greater rigidity than itwould otherwise possess. However, too large a percenta e of binder willtend to cause breakage 1n the twisting operation and an undesirablestiffness in the final product.

It should be understood that the term asbestos material, wherever itappears in the specification and claims, is intended to refer tomaterial having a substantial percentage of asbestos fibres such as togive more or less the characteristics of asbestos as far as working andhandling are concerned, and the term asbestos material where used in thespecification and claims shall be considered as thus defined.

It should be understood that in the event that two strands 9 and 10 arecarried over the moistener roller 18 at the same time and rounded by thecondenser 14, they will be moistened to substantially the same eX- tentwhen brought together in the twister. As aresult of this condition agreater uniformity of yarn formation can be obtained.

It should also be understood that the term coreless yarn wherever itappears in the specification and claims, is intended to refer to a yarnin which there is no reinforcement of the asbestos paper-like materialby means such as metallic or non-metallic filaments, threads, and thelike.

What is claimed is:

1. The process of making coreless yarn which includes forming apaper-like strip of asbestos material in which the fibres are heldtogether by suitable workable binding material, and forming said stripinto a twisted yarn.

2. The process of making coreless yarn which includes forming apaper-like strip of asbestos material in which the fibres are heldtogether by workable binding material, moistening the strip to renderthe asbestos material and binding material more w'ork able, and formingsaid strip into a twisted yarn.

3. The process of making coreless yarn which includes forming apaper-like strip of asbestos material in which the fibres are heldtogether by workable binding material, forming the strip into a roundstrand in which the strip retains its strip formation, and forming ayarn from said strand by twisting the same.

4-. In a process of making coreless asbestos yarn, the following steps:forming paper from asbestos material and sufficient workable bindingmaterial as to permit slitting the paper; slitting the paper intostrips; and shaping and twisting a strip of such paper to form a yarntherefrom.

5. In a process of making coreless asbestos yarn the following steps:forming a pulp containing asbestos material and binding materialincluding a soluble binder; passing the pulp through a paper makingmachine and forming the finished asbestos paper into a roll; slittingthe paper into strips of suitable width; and forming a yarn from one ofsaid strips by treating and shaping.

6. A method of making coreless yarn from fibrous asbestos material,which consists in forming a paper-like strip of the asbestos materialwith binding material, moistening the binding material within thestrip,and forming a yarn from the strip by shaping the same, and permittingthe strip binding material to reset.

7. A method of making coreless yarn,

which includes forming a paper-like strip of asbestos material, thefibres of which are held together by binding material; moistening thestrip to render the binding material more workable; and forming thestrip into a yarn by longitudinally advancing, laterally rubbing andtwisting the same.

8. A method of making coreless yarn which. includes forming a paperstrip of asbestos material, the fibres of which are held together byworkable binding material, rubbing 'the strip transversely to form arounded strand, and twisting said rounded strand.

9. A method of making coreless yarn, which includes forming a paperstrip of asbestos material, the fibres of which are held together bybinding material in workable condition, forming the strip into a roundedstrand without frictional drag resulting therefrom, and twisting therounded strand.

10. A method of making coreless yarn, which includes forming asubstantially dry paper-like strip of asbestos material, the fibres ofwhich are held together by workable binding material, moistening thestrip to render it more workable, and forming a yarn from said strip bytransverse rubbing and twisting.

11. A method of making coreless yarn, which includes forming a paperstrip of asbestos material, the fibres of which are held together byworkable binding material, moistening the strip to render it moreworkable, and passing the strip between longitudinally advancing andlaterally compacting devices.-

12. A single element asbestos yarn consisting of a strip of finishedasbestos paper twisted into yarn shape, the fibres of said twisted stripbeing held together throughout substantially their entire lengths by oilrepellent binding material.

13. An asbestos yarn including a s1nglc element strand free from flufl'ymaterial to facilitate weaving, consisting of a twisted strip of thinasbestos paper of which the fibres are held together along theirlengths.

by suitable binding material.

14:. A coreless asbestos yarn comprising a plurality of strands at leastone of which is a single element strand consisting of a twisted strip ofthin asbestos paper of which the fibres are held together along theirlengths by suitablebinding material. 15. The process of making corelessyarn from asbestos paper strips containing a workable binder, whichconsists in simulta neously and uniformly loosening the binder of two ormore asbestos paper strips, s1mul taneously passing the strips through arubbing device to shape the same into rounded strands, and finallytwisting said strands to form a yarn.

16. The process of making coreless yarn from asbestos paper stripscontaining a workable binder, which consists in loosenmg the binder oftwo or more paper strips, simultaneously passing said strips together incontacting relation through a rubbing device to form a strand, andfinally twisting said strand to form a yarn.

17. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestosmaterial into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of sufiicientcohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn formingoperaasbestos material united wit uniform paper-like strip or band ofsufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to under-- go subsequent strand andyarn forming op erations, working said strip or band tov form a. strand,and then twisting said strand to form a yarn.

20. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestosmaterial into a thin moist uniforrmpaper-like strip or band ofsufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand andyarn forming operations, anl thereafter forming said moist strip or bandinto a yarn.

21. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestosmaterial into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of suflicientcohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn formingopera tions, softening said strip or band, working said softened stripor band to form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form ayarn.

22. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestosmaterial into thin uniform paper-like strips or bands of suiticientcohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn formingoperations, working said strips or bands to form strands, and thereaftertwisting a plurality of strands together to form a yarn.

23. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and formingvasbestos material into thin uniform paper-like strips or bands ofsufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand andyarn forming operat1ons, moistening said strips or bands, working saidmoistened strips or bands to form moistened strands, and thereaftertwisting a plurality of strands together to form a 24. A corelessasbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes formedof thin uniform paper-like strip or band of asbestos material boundtogether and of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strandand yarn forming oper tions.

25. A coreless asbestos yarn for the manu-.

facture of fabrics and other purposes formed of thin uniform paper-likestrip or band of asbestos material, united with binding material, ofsuflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn formingoperations.

26. A coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and otherpurposes formed from thin uniform paper-like strip or band of asbestosmaterial bound together and of suflicient cohesiveness and tonacity toundergo strand and yarn forming operations, said strip or band retainingits strip formation.

27. An asbestos yarn including a single element strand consisting of atwisted strip of thin asbestos paper of which the fibres are heldtogether along their lengths by suitable binding material.

28. A process of making coreless asbestos yarn, which consists inbinding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper- ]ikestrip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent strand and yarn forming operations, advancing said strip orband, moistening the strip or band as it advances, and forming theadvancing strip or band while moist into a twisted yarn. v 29. A processof making coreless asbestos yarn, which consists in binding and formingasbestos material into a thin uniform paperlike strip or band ofsuflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand andyarn forming operations, advancing said strip or band, moistening thestrip or band as it advances, forming the advancing strip or band whilemoist into a round strand, and twisting said rounded strand into a yarn.

30. A process of making coreless asbestos yarn, which consists inbinding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paperlikestrip or band of 'suiiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent strand and yarn forming operations, advancing said strip orband, moistening the strip or band as it advances, forming said strip orband while moist into a loosely twisted preliminary yarn, and thereaftertightly twisting said preliminary yarn to form a final yarn.

31. A process of making coreless asbestos yarn, WhlCh consists inbinding and forming asbestos material into thin uniform paper likestrips or bands of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent strand and yarn forming operations, advancing said strips orhands and bringing them to- Qii gether into contacting relation,moistening at least one of the strips or bands as it advances and whilein contacting relation, and forming the contacting strips or hands intoa twisted yarn.

32. A process of making coreless asbestos yarn, which consists inbinding and forming asbestos material into thin uniformfpaperlike stripsor hands of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequentstrand and yarn forming operations, advancing said strips or bands andbringing them together into contacting relation, moistening at least oneof the strips or bands as they advance and while in contacting relation,forming the contacting strips or bands into a rounded strand, andtwisting the rounded strand to form a yarn.

33. A process of making coreless asbestos yarn, which consists inbinding and forming asbestos material bound intothin uniform paper-likestrips or bands of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent strand and yarn forming operations, advancing said strips orhands and bringing them together into contacting relation, moistening atleast one of the strips or bands as they advance and While in contactingrelation, forming said contacting strips or bands into a looselytwisted. preliminary yarn and thereafter tightly twisting the advancingpreliminary yarn into a final yarn.

34. In a method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, the steps which consist in binding andforming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or bandof sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strandforming operations, and forming said strip directly into a singleelement strand.

85. In a method of making coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture offabrics and other purposes, the steps which consists in forming asbestosmaterial united with workable binding material into a thin uniformpaper-like strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity toundergo subsequent strand forming operations, and forming said stripdirectlyinto a. single element strand.

36. A coreless asbestos yarn formed of asbestos material present in theyarn in paperlike formation, and bound together with sufficientcohesiveness and tenacity to retain such paper-like formation.

37. A coreless asbestos yarn consisting of asbestos material containingbinding material and present in paper-like strip formation.

38. A coreless asbestos yarn consisting of asbestos material boundtogether with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand andyarn forming operations and present in paper-like strip formation.

39. A coreless asbestos yarn formed of a plurality of strandseach ofwhich consists of asbestos material present in paper-like stripformation one or more of said strands containing binding material.

401 A coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and otherpurposes formedof a plurality of thin uniform paper-like strips or bandsof asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness andtenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations.

41. A coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and otherpurposes formed of a plurality of thin uniform paperlike strips or handsof asbestos material bound together. with sufficient cohesiveness andtenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations, at least one ofsaid strips containing binding material.

42. A coreless asbestos garn for the manufacture of fabrics and 0 erpurposes com.- prising a plurality of strands each of which is formed ofasbestos paper-like material bound together with sufiicient cohesivenessand tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations.

43. A coreless asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and otherpurposes com prising a plurality of inter-twisted strands each of whichis formed of asbestos paperlike material bound together with sufficientcohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations,at least one of said strands containing binding material.

44L A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from strips or hands ofasbestos material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity toundergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, which comprisesadvancing said strips or bands, and thereafter forming a plurality ofsaid strips or bands without tension reinforcement into a yarn.

45. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from strips or hands ofasbestos material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity andadapted for yarn manufacture, which comprises advancing said strips orhands, and thereafter forming a plurality of said strips or handswithout tension re inforcement into a twisted yarn.

46. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from strips or bands ofasbestos material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity andadapted for yarn manufacture, which comprises forming said strips without tension reinforcement into strands, and thereafter forming aplurality of said strands into a yarn.

47. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from strips or bands ofasbestos material bound with suficient cohesiveness and tenacity andadapted for yarn manufacture, which comprises forming said strips orhands without tension reinforcement into strands, and thereaftertwisting a plurality of said strands into a yarn.

48. A method of making corcless asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-likematerial bound with sufiicient cohesiveness and tonacity to undergosubsequent ,mechanical strand and yarn forming operations, whichincludes mechanically forming said paperlike' material without tensionreinforcement into strands, and thereafter mechanically forming aplurality of said strands into a yarn.

49. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-likematerial bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent mechanical strand and yarn forming operations, which includesmechanically forming said paperlike material without tensionreinforcement into strands, and thereafter mechanically forming aplurality of said strands into a twisted yarn.

50. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-likematerial bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent mechanical strand and yarn forming operations, which includesmoistening said paper-like material, and thereafter mechanically formingsaid paper-like material without tension reinforcement into a yarn, a

51. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-likematerial bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent mechanical strand and yarn forming operations, which includesmoistening said paper-like "mat rial, mechanically forming saidpaper-like material without tension reinforcement into strands, andthereafter mechanically forming a plurality of said strands into a yarn.

52. A method of making corelcss asbestos yarn from asbestos paperlikcmaterial bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergosubsequent mechanical strand and yarn forming operations, whichcomprises mechanically advancing said paper-like material, moisteningsaid paperlike material as it advances, and thereafter mechanicallyforming the moist paper-like material without tension reinforcement intoa yarn.

53. A method of making coreless asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-likematerial bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted foryarn manufacture, which comprises mechanically advancing said paper-likematerial, moistening said paper-like material as it advances,mechanically forming the moist paper-like material into strands, andthereafter mechanically twisting together a plurality of the moiststrands to form a multi-strand yarn.

In testimonywhereof, I atfix my signatur'e.

JOHN ALLEN HEANY.

